The botanical, ecologycal, chemical and medicine data of galbanurn were collected and review from previous research to modification and establish new subjects of this novel medicine plant. To establish the first step of biotechnology, the tissue culture of galbanum were achieve from radicle of seedling of galbanum on MS. medium with VB5and casein hydrolysis in auxin and cytokinin hormone treatment. The root was induced from new callus on the same medium at 4 C and the root culture was achieved with radical of seedling in the same manner.

Dormancy breaking and germination requirements were investigated in seeds of Ferula ovina and Ferula gummosa. Seeds of rather species were collected from north and eastern-north rangelands of Iran. Seeds of each of the species were subjected to different treatments including various levels of GA3, chilling and combination of GA3 and chilling (GA-chilling). In contrast to treated seeds, non-treated seeds did not germinate. Germination of both species increased at higher concentration of GA3. In the case of Ferula ovina the highest germination percentage was obtained when the seeds were treated with 1000 ppm GA-chilling with 76% of germination. For Ferula gummosa seeds, the highest germination percentage was found when exposed to 1500ppm GA-chilling with 53% germination. Both species well responded to different periods of cold stratification (30/60 days), especially F. ovina with 36% and 55% germination, respectively. The results suggest that F. gummosa has deeper dormancy. For both species, germination rate was positively correlated with germination percentage.

Background and ObjectiveDirect somatic embryogenesis is a crucial technique in plant biotechnology that facilitates rapid propagation, genetic improvement, and conservation of endangered species. Unlike indirect embryogenesis, this method forms embryos directly from somatic cells without passing through a callus phase, reducing the likelihood of unwanted genetic alterations. Due to its efficiency, somatic embryogenesis is considered a superior propagation method and is influenced by various factors, including plant growth regulators. Ferula gummosa, commonly known as galbanum, is an important medicinal plant known for its valuable secondary metabolites. However, its production is facing challenges due to overharvesting and germination difficulties. These issues threaten its sustainability, making somatic embryogenesis a promising approach for cryopreservation and sustainable utilization. The present study aims to investigate the feasibility of direct somatic embryogenesis in F. gummosa and evaluate the effects of plant growth regulators on the induction and development of embryos.Materials and MethodsTo establish optimal conditions for direct somatic embryogenesis, F. gummosa seeds were collected from Abadeh, Fars Province, and stored at 4°C to preserve their viability and prevent dormancy-related decline. The seeds were sterilized, and their embryos were cultured in MS1/2 medium. After a month of cultivation, the resultant seedlings were used to prepare leaf explants for somatic embryogenesis. Leaf explants, approximately one centimeter in size, were cultured in MS1/2 medium supplemented with varying concentrations of NAA and BAP hormones. These hormonal treatments were maintained at 20°C in complete darkness for three months to prevent chlorophyll formation, thereby promoting somatic embryogenesis. The number of embryos formed in each experimental condition was recorded. The study employed a 3×3 factorial experimental design within a completely randomized design (CRD) framework, with three replications per treatment. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software to identify statistically significant variations among treatments. Results The study revealed that NAA and BAP effectively induce somatic embryogenesis in F. gummosa. Variance analysis demonstrated that NAA concentration (P<0.01), BAP concentration (P<0.05), and their interaction (P<0.05) significantly influenced embryo formation. Comparative analysis of means indicated that the culture medium containing 0.5 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BAP resulted in the highest number of somatic embryos, making it the most effective combination for embryo induction. Additionally, the medium containing 1 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L BAP provided favorable conditions for embryo development, yielding stronger embryos compared to other treatments. Further analysis identified 1 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BAP as the optimal concentration for embryo induction and development. These findings highlight the significance of plant growth regulators in somatic embryogenesis and emphasize the potential for refining culture conditions to improve embryo yield and quality.Conclusion The results indicate that direct somatic embryogenesis using NAA and BAP is an efficient method for propagating F. gummosa. Given the prolonged seed dormancy and endangered status of this plant, somatic embryogenesis provides a viable approach for large-scale propagation, conservation of genetic resources, and restoration of natural populations. The study underscores the importance of optimizing growth regulator concentrations for improved embryogenesis and suggests that further research could explore additional factors influencing the process. These findings contribute to advancing propagation techniques for endangered medicinal plants and serve as a valuable foundation for future studies in plant tissue culture and biotechnology. By refining propagation methods, researchers and cryopreservation can ensure sustainable utilization of F. gummosa while preserving its genetic integrity and medicinal value.

Ferula gummosa and Ferula asafoetida are species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. These plants have certain uses as industrial, medicinal and forage species. Due to seed germination problems, some seed dormancy breaking treatments were used. In this research used four breaking treatments with different levels. Treatments were as follows: Washing (Three levels), prechilling (Two levels), washing and chilling (Four levels) and chemical scarification (Four levels). The results showed that pre-chilling for 60 days period is the best treatment for breaking seed dormancy offerula gummosa, and washing plus chilling (14 days at +5°c) is the best treatment offerula asafoetida. The results showed that washing treatment has not significant effect on breaking species seed dormancy.

Asafetida (Ferula assa-foetida L.) and galbanum (Ferula gummosa Boiss.), Apiaceae, are important endemic and endangered forage and medicinal plants of Iran. Survival of the species is threatened by climate change, overexploiting (as the source of oleo-gum resin and forage), and lack of cultivation management. Cultivation of these valuable plants is restricted by insufficient domestication knowledge. Germination characteristics of different accessions of Ferula taxa were studied to describe and compare their responses to continuous cold stratification conditions. Germination cues for the species were complex, with dormancy mechanisms present to restrict germination until cold stratification is fulfilled. Results indicated that a period of 4 weeks of stratification is sufficient for germination of asafetida, but optimal germination of galbanum requires stratification for periods of 8 weeks. Both species were able to germinate at very low temperatures (4 °C). These results indicated that Ferula seeds need to have a winter period of cold moist temperatures to break dormancy.  Thus, it is concluded that fall and winter are the best times to sow the seeds. Within-taxon differences in dormancy breaking and seedling emergence may interpret as local adaptations. Pronounced differences occurred within both asafetida and galbanum, even though some studied sites in each taxon were adjacent. Variation within a taxon may depend on genetic differences, local weather during the growth of mother plants and seeds maturation, seed position on the mother plant, soil quality, or other naturally occurring factors.

Background and objectives: Earlier researches have exhibited the antioxidant, antinociceptive, and antiepileptic effects of Ferula gummosa. Considering that antioxidants play a key role in the pathogenesis of depression, the antidepressant potential of the F. gummosa essential oil was assessed by using a mouse models. Methods: Lorke’, s method was used to access the acute toxicity of the F. gummosa essential oil. The F. gummosa essential oil (5-40 mg/kg), standard agents, and vehicle were administered to animals. The forced-swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and open-field test (OFT) were used for the evaluation of depression. Results: The F. gummosa essential oil LD50 was found to be 316. 22 mg/Kg b. w. β,-Pinene, α,-pinene, guaiol, δ,-3-carene, bulnesol, α,-Bisabolol, and β,-myrcene were the major components of the F. gummosa essential oil, respectively. In both FST and TST, 10-40 mg/kg of the essential oil decreased the duration of immobility. Furthermore, 10-40mg/kg of the F. gummosa essential oil enhanced the duration of swimming with no significant effect on the duration of climbing in FST. The F. gummosa essential oil did not change the animal locomotion in the OFT. Conclusion: According to the results, the F. gummosa essential oil showed antidepressant activity similar to fluoxetine which may have a potential clinical value for the treatment of depression.

In Iranian traditional medicine, there are some reports regarding the anticonvulsant ‎effect of Ferula gummosa Boiss. In this study, anticonvulsant activity, neurological ‎deficits and lethality of the root acetone extract of this plant were evaluated in mice. ‎The extract exhibited dose-dependent prevention of tonic seizures induced by ‎pentylenetetrazole (ED50 = 154.4 mg/kg). However, the extract produced sedation ‎and motor impairment with TD50 value of 546 mg/kg. Preliminary phytochemical ‎analysis showed the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids and a little amount of ‎cardenolids in the extract. It seems that the anticonvulsant and neurotoxic effects of ‎the extract is related in part to the terpenoid compounds. The acceptable protective ‎index of the extract (3.5) recommends further studies on Ferula gummosa‏.‏

This study aimed to investigate the effects of some environmental factors on the distribution of Ferula gummosa and Ferula ovina in Shilander rangelands- Zanjan province. Two Ferula habitats were selected and their environmental characteristics were compared with control sites (no Ferula species present). Three transects with 150 meters lengths were established in each site and data were collected along the transects in seven plots of 4 m2 (with 20 meters interval each). Composite soil samples from 0-30 cm of soil surface were collected from the starting point, middle and end part of the established transects and analyzed in soil laboratory. Slope percentage and direction, and elevation from sea level for all plots were also recorded. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and Redundancy Analysis (RDA) were used to explore the relationships of Ferula species with environmental variables. According to the results, slope direction and degree, gravel and silt percentage, neutralizing substance percentage and soil saturation percentage were identified as the most important factors in characterizing Ferula species habitats. Comparing the environmental characteristics of Ferula habitats with control sites revealed that sand percentage, slope, silt percentage and elevation from sea level were different statistically between these sites (p˂ 0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that soil pH (p˂ 0.01) and neutralizing substance percentage (p˂ 0.05) were the most important discriminating factors in Ferula habitats with the control sites.